Studies  in  American  Social  Conditions — 2 


The  Negro  Problem 


Eldited  by 

Richard  Henry  Edwards 


Madison,  Wisconsin 
December  1908 


Studies  in  American  Social  Conditions — 2 


The  Negro  Problem 


Edited  by 

Richard  Henry  Edwards 


Madison,  Wisconsin 
December  1908 


Copyright,  1908 

by  Richard  Henry  Edwards 


Outline 


PAGE 


The  Social  Problems  Group  Idea  . . . . .5 

Suggestions  tor  Use  . . . . . .7 

The  Negro  Problem  . . . . .9 

The  Negro  Problem 

General  Bibliography  . . . . . .15 

1 Historical  Resume  : the  Reconstruction  Period  and  Recent 

Distinctive  Developments  in  the  Problem  . . .18 

2 How  Many  Negroes  are  there  now  in  America?.  . . 20 

3 What  IS  the  Negro’s  Economic  AND  Industrial  Condition?  . 20 

4 What  are  the  Negro’s  Social,  Moral,  and  Religious  Con- 

ditions? . , , . , .23 

5 What  is  the  Political  Status  of  the  Negro?  . . .25 

6 Crime  among  Negroes  AND  Lynching  . . . .26 


Proposed  Lines  of  Solution 


General  Bibliography  . . . . . .28 

1 Economic  and  Industrial  Development  . . . .29 

2 Education  . . . . . . .30 

3 Legislation  . . . . . . .31 

4 Moral  and  Religious  Influences  . . . .32 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/negroproblemOOedwa 


The  Social  Problems  Group  Idea 


It  is  agreed  among  social  workers  that  enough  reliable 
information  about  our  social  conditions  has  been  amassed 
to  stir  all  thoughtful  citizens,  were  the  facts  but  gen- 
erally known.  It  is  likewise  agreed  that  enough  lines 
of  solution  have  been  proposed  to  make  effective  war  on 
the  forces  of  greed,  lust,  and  death,  were  those  solutions 
but  widely  and  earnestly  attempted.  It  is  an  immediate 
necessity,  therefore,  to  get  the  ear  of  all  right-minded 
men  and  to  direct  their  attention  to  the  naked  facts  of 
our  social  conditions  till  they  be  stirred  to  intelligent  and 
persistent  action.  The  Social  Problems  Group  Idea  is 
aimed  at  this  necessity.  It  embraces  a definite  and  tested 
plan  for  the  constructive  study  of  American  Social  Ques- 
tions from  the  popular  point  of  view.  It  connotes  the 
wide  spreading  of  reliable  facts,  the  grip  of  those  facts 
upon  the  social  conscience,  and  intelligent  action  in  clean- 
ing up  bad  conditions.  It  is  in  brief,  this — that  a group 
of  men  meet  regularly  from  time  to  time  to  consider  the 
salient  facts  of  our  leading  social  problems;  that  they 
candidly  discuss  those  facts  and  the  proposed  solutions, 
and  that  they  take  individual  or  united  action  toward 
solving  the  problems  acute  in  their  community.  The 
plan  is  adaptable  to  widely  different  types  of  mind  and 


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to  men  of  all  schools  in  political,  social,  or  religious  faith. 
A group  can  be  formed  anywhere  without  formalities, 
through  the  mutual  desire  of  a few  men,  the  choice  of  a 
leader,  and  agreement  as  to  time  and  place  of  meeting. 

An  account  of  the  original  Group  which  was  formed 
at  IMadison,  Wisconsin,  in  the  fall  of  1906  will  be  found 
in  an  article  in  Charities  and  the  Commons  for  October 
17,  1908.  A reprint  of  that  article,  which  tells  how  to 
prepare  for  and  conduct  the  meetings  and  touches  upon 
the  duties  of  the  leader  can  be  secured  from  the  address 
given  below  for  ten  cents  post  paid. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  original  group  met  in  a 
Christian  church,  the  question  of  the  reality  and  extent 
of  the  contribution  made  by  the  teaching  of  Jesus  to  the 
solution  of  each  problem  was  considered.  Those  who 
desire  to  study  the  problems  from  this  point  of  view  are 
referred  to  “Christianity  and  the  Social  Crisis”  by  Walter 
Rauschenbush,  Macmillan,  New  York,  1907,  $1.50;  to 
“Jesus  Christ  and  the  Social  Question”  by  F.  G.  Peabody, 
Macmillan,  New  York.  $1.50  (fifty  cent  edition  Grosset 
and  Dunlap,  New  York)  ; to  “The  Social  Significance  of 
the  Teachings  of  Jesus”  by  J.  W.  Jenks,  International 
Committee,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  1906,  75c.  and  the  books  to 
which  they  refer. 

Parallel  studies  upon  eleven  problems  will  appear  in 
the  following  order  during  the  present  winter  as  rapidly 
as  the  exigencies  of  editing  and  printing  will  permit : 

1.  The  Liquor  Problem. 

2.  The  Negro  Problem. 

3.  Immigration. 

4.  The  Labor  Problem. 


The  Negro  Problem 


7 


5.  Poverty. 

6.  Excessive  and  Concentrated  Wealth. 

7.  The  Divorce  Problem. 

8.  The  Problem  of  Clean  Municipal  Government. 

9.  The  Boy  Problem. 

10.  The  Increase  of  Crime  and  the  Administration  of 

Criminal  Justice. 

11.  The  Treatment  of  the  Criminal. 

These  studies  can  be  secured  at  ten  cents  apiece  or  one 
dollar  for  the  series  of  eleven  including  a reprint  of  the 
Charities  article.  One  hundred  copies  of  any  study  (ex- 
cept the  Labor  Problem,  for  which  no  reduction  can  be 
made),  or  ten  sets  of  the  entire  series  will  be  sold  at  nine 
dollars.  All  orders  for  these  studies  and  communica- 
tions in  regard  to  the  Social  Problems  Group  Idea  should 
be  addressed  to  R.  H.  Edwards,  237  Langdon  St.,  Madi- 
son, Wisconsin.  Orders  should  be  accompanied  by  cash. 


Suggestions  for  Use 

The  use  of  this  study  upon  the  Negro  Problem  is  in 
no  way  confined  to  Social  Problems  Groups. 

1.  It  may  also  be  used  for  personal  study.  References 
to  concise  statements  of  fact  in  readable  form  are  given 
for  those  who  desire  a brief  but  orderly  survey  of  the 
problem.  Those  who  desire  more  scientific  matter  will 
find  it  under  references  marked  with  a *. 

2.  Interesting  questions  for  club,  high  school,  and  col- 
legiate debates  will  be  found  in  taking  up  the  compara- 
tive eflfectiveness  of  proposed  solutions. 


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3.  A survey  course  of  instruction  in  American  Social 
Conditions  adaptable  to  varied  institutions  can  be  based 
on  the  material  here  furnished  together  with  like  ma- 
terial upon  other  problems  appearing  in  parallel  form. 

4.  It  is  especially  adaptable  to  use  in  civic  organiza- 
tions, social  settlement  clubs,  betterment  leagues,  labor 
unions,  Y.  M.  C.  A.  classes,  granges,  men’s  clubs  in 
churches,  business  men’s  associations,  and  men’s  clubs  in 
general,  where  the  basis  for  a constructive  study  of  the 
problem  is  desired.  For  such  organizations  and  for 
Social  Problems  Groups  the  following  order  of  subjects 
by  meetings  is  suggested,  on  the  supposition  that  rapidity 
of  treatment  is  desired,  and  that  as  many  as  eight  or  more 
problems  be  treated  in  the  course  of  a winter. 

First  meeting,  topics  1 and  2.  Second  meeting,  topic 
3.  Third  meeting,  topic  4.  Fourth  meeting,  topic  5. 
Fifth  meetng,  topic  6.  Sixth  meeting,  proposed  solu- 
tions 1 and  2.  Seventh  meeting,  proposed  solutions  3 
and  4. 

Many  groups  will  prefer  to  make  a more  thorough 
consideration  of  the  problem  which  is  of  course  highly 
desirable.  Several  months  might  well  be  spent  upon  it. 


The  Negro  Problem 


9 


The  Negro  Problem 


The  Negro  Problem  is  a complex  of  problems,  eco- 
nomic, social,  political,  and  moral,  inextricably  inter- 
woven and  entangled.  Their  unity  consists  in  that  they 
all  arise  about  the  Negro  in  his  adjustment  to  and  de- 
velopment within  American  life  and  they  are  therefore 
usually  called  the  Negro  Problem.  Since  both  whites 
and  blacks  are  involved,  and  since  the  working  out  of  ad- 
justments between  the  two  races  is  by  far  the  greatest  of 
our  national  race  problems  it  is  more  properly  called  the 
American  Race  Problem.  The  present  situation  has 
arisen  from  the  Negro’s  nature  and  tendencies  in  their 
reaction  to  the  historic  forces  which  have  played  upon 
him  since  the  Civil  War,  and  from  the  conflict  of  widely 
differing  conceptions  as  to  his  proper  status  in  Ameri- 
can life. 

The  American  Negro  has  traced  a zig-zag  course. 
From  indolent  and  irresponsible  freedom  in  Africa  he 
was  brought  to  forced  labor  in  America,  and  when  slavery 
was  followed  by  the  chaos  of  war  he  was  clothed  with 
responsible  freedom  in  the  midst  of  an  Anglo-Saxon 
civilization.  In  the  turmoil  of  the  Reconstruction  he  was 
given  full  citizenship  in  a form  of  government  not  fully 
mastered  by  Anglo-Saxons  themselves,  and  his  untrained 


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leaders  were  thrust  into  positions  of  responsibility  with 
disastrous  results.  For  the  consequent  determination  of 
his  proper  status  in  American  life  the  elapse  of  a con- 
siderable period  of  time  was  necessary  during  which  a 
certain  amount  of  racial  friction  was  unavoidable. 

American  Negroes  have  increased  at  a prolific  rate 
since  the  Civil  War,  when  their  number  was  approxi- 
mately four  and  one-half  millions.  It  is  estimated  that 
their  total  number  is  now  in  excess  of  ten  millions.  Their 
extraordinarily  high  birth  rate  is  to  a degree  counter- 
balanced by  their  death  rate,  which  is  likewise  high,  es- 
pecially in  cities,  and  remains  high  in  contrast  to  the 
diminishing  death  rate  of  whites.  In  typical  southern 
cities  the  death  rate  is  ten  to  twelve  per  thousand  among 
whites,  but  twenty  to  twenty-five  per  thousand  among 
blacks. 

Real  and  praiseworthy  as  the  advance  of  a portion  of 
the  Negro  population  has  been  their  economic  and  indus- 
trial condition,  as  a whole,  is  still  lamentably  bad.  Their 
industrial  situation  was  not  at  the  zero  point  in  1865,  for 
in  addition  to  the  property  of  those  who  had  gained  their 
freedom  previous  to  emancipation  the  Negroes  were 
practically  in  control  of  the  southern  labor  market.  The 
Negro  has  now  gained  .some  foothold  in  nearly  all  call- 
ings, but  wherever  he  is  forced  into  competition  with 
white  labor,  as  he  is  increasingly,  he  seems  to  be  losing 
ground  because  of  his  lack  of  thrift  and  strict  attention 
to  business.  The  inertia  of  the  mass  still  overwhelmingly 
outweighs  the  energy  of  the  progressive  few. 

The  social  and  moral  difficulties,  however,  are  perhaps 
the  most  perplexing.  “Of  all  the  important  constituent 
parts  of  our  nation  the  Negro  is  by  far  the  most  ignorant; 


The  Negro  Problem 


11 


nearly  half  of  the  race  are  absolutely  illiterate,  only  a 
minority  of  the  other  half  have  thorough  common-school 
training,  and  but  a few  are  liberally  educated.  The 
great  deficiency  of  the  Negro,  however,  is  his  small 
knowledge  of  the  art  of  organized  social  life.  He  finds 
himself  peculiarly  weak  in  that  nice  adaptation  of  in- 
dividual life  to  the  life  of  the  group,  which  is  the  essence 
of  civilization.  This  is  shown  in  the  grosser  forms  of 
sexual  immorality,  disease,  and  crime,  and  also  in  the  dif- 
ficulty of  race  organization  for  common  ends  in  economic 
or  in  intellectual  lines.”  Among  the  chief  stimulants  of 
racial  friction,  in  addition  to  deep  seated  race  prejudices, 
are  the  fear  of  Negro  domination,  the  widespread  im- 
morality and  crime  among  Negroes,  the  antagonism  of 
whites  toward  any  assumption  of  race  equality,  the  with- 
drawal of  the  suffrage,  and  political  agitation.  Racial 
antagonism  finds  its  extreme  expression  in  lynching  which 
brutalizes  whites  and  blacks  alike,  and  becomes  in  turn 
the  greatest  provocation  of  race  hatred. 

The  political  status  of  the  Negro  has  greatly  changed 
since  the  Reconstruction.  He  is  now  directly  or  indi- 
rectly disfranchized  in  the  states  of  the  solid  south,  and 
by  various  means  deprived  of  the  full  rights  of  American 
citizenship  as  conferred  by  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
amendments. 

No  careful  student  of  the  race  problem  has  any  gen- 
eral solution  to  offer.  The  more  closely  the  facts  are 
examined  the  more  profoundly  serious  the  situation  ap- 
pears. By  the  very  complexity  of  the  accumulated  eco- 
nomic, racial,  and  social  difficulties  which  are  involved  it 
could  not  fail  to  be  slow  and  grevious  in  its  outworkings. 
And  yet  there  are  rays  of  light. 


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An  unquestioned  economic  advance  has  been  made  by 
a considerable  portion  of  the  Negro  population.  Especi- 
ally is  this  true  in  southern  agriculture  where  white  com- 
petition is  not  acute  and  where  the  greatest  industrial 
hope  of  the  race  seems  to  lie.  In  1900  twenty  one  and 
eight-tenths  percent  of  homes  occupied  by  Negro  families 
had  come  to  be  owned  by  the  heads  of  those  families. 
The  work  of  industrial  training,  though  its  extent  is  still 
small  in  proportion  to  the  mass,  is  having  a real  effect 
upon  the  situation.  If  the  Negro  can  be  trained  to  take 
advantage  of  the  industrial  opportunities  now  open  to 
him,  he  may,  with  persistence  and  thrift,  succeed  in  the 
economic  struggle.  It  rests  with  him. 

While  industrial  education  directed  toward  the  attain- 
ment of  adequate  self  support  is  beyond  doubt  the  first 
essential,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  American  na- 
tion has  staked  its  faith  upon  efficient  public  schools  for 
all  its  citizens.  The  deeper  requirements  of  organized 
social  life  are  not  satisfied  by  the  training  of  the  hands 
alone.  Even  if  immediate  results  were  almost  negligible, 
as  they  are  not,  still  the  training  of  Negro  teachers  and 
leaders  would  ultimately  be  as  necessary  as  it  is  thor- 
oughly American. 

Although  the  reasoning  which  gave  the  Negroes  full 
rights  of  citizenship  was  undoubtedly  superficial  and  in- 
correct, and  although  the  practical  withdrawal  of  that 
citizenship  is  from  many  points  of  view  unjust  and  un- 
American,  there  seems  to  be  no  hope  of  present  advance- 
ment for  the  race  in  legislation  or  renewed  agitation.  It 
seems  more  proper  to  put  the  present  emphasis  at  other 
points. 

Dire  is  the  need  of  morality  among  the  Negro  popula- 


The  Negro  Problem 


13 


tion  for  their  morals  are  separated  by  a discouragingly 
wide  gap  from  their  religious  expressions.  Any  moral  up- 
lift would  seem  of  necessity  to  be  a composite  result  in 
which  education  and  the  general  improvement  of  condi- 
tions, especially  in  family  life,  would  be  the  chief  factors. 
To  this  result  the  Negroes  themselves  under  competent 
leaders  must  make  a vastly  larger  contribution  in  honesty, 
integrity,  sex  morality,  and  the  training  of  children. 

Since  the  tAvo  races  share  the  problem  each  must  share 
in  the  work  of  its  solution.  It  is  a common  task  of  im- 
measurable difficulty  demanding  the  joint  exercise  of  high 
traits  of  character.  Any  real  solution  is  dependent  upon 
and  must  follow  a prolonged  working  adjustment  extend- 
ing throughout  the  relationships  of  life.  For  the  success- 
ful maintenance  of  these  mutual  adjustments  the  most 
fruitful  emphasis  does  not  seem  to  be  upon  political 
rights  and  agitation  for  social  equality,  on  the  one  hand, 
or  upon  white  rule  as  such  and  imputations  of  Negro 
inferiority,  on  the  other  hand  The  more  timely  points 
of  emphasis  would  seem  to  be — the  realization  of  a 
common  humanity  and  the  mutual  necessity  for  self  con- 
trol ; the  right  of  ever}-  respectable  man  to  be  respected 
for  his  manhood ; the  larger  recognition  of  mutual  inter- 
dependence, and  the  cultivation,  wherever  possible,  of 
mutual  trust ; the  even  administration  of  justice  by  im- 
partial men,  and  beyond  these  a spirit  of  magnanimous 
tolerance. 


Grateful  acknowledgement  is  here  made  to  Alfred  Holt 
Stone,  L.  L.  B.,  of  Dunleith,  Mississippi  and  to  W.  E.  B. 
Dubois,  Ph.  D.,  of  Atlanta  University  who  have  revised 


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and  approved  the  following  bibliography;  to  Miss  Vera 
Sieg,  class  of  1908  of  the  Wisconsin  Library  School,  who 
prepared  it  in  fulfillment  of  the  requirements  of  gradua- 
tion ; to  the  Wisconsin  Library  Commission  for  the  loan 
of  the  type  employed  in  its  own  publication  of  this  bib- 
liography (American  Social  Questions  No.  1),  and  to 
Miss  Mary  Emogene  Hazeltine,  Preceptor  of  the  Wis- 
consin Library  School,  for  her  valued  assistance  in  the 
preparation  of  this  study. 


The  Negro  Problem 


General  Bibliography 

* References  marked  thus  are  suergrested  for  a more  scientific  or  detailed 
study  of  the  oroblem 


Books 

Baker,  R.  S.  Following  the  color  line;  an  account  of  Negro  citi- 
zenship in  the  American  democracy.  Doubleday,  1908.  $2. 

■'  Popular  e.xposition  of  the  condition  of  the  Xeerro  in  various  sections 
of  the  United  States,  especiall.v  with  regard  to  his  political,  business, 
and  social  status.  The  facts  and  statistics  have  been  carefully  y'athered 
from  many  sources  and  are  no  doubt  accurate.  The  treatment  of  the 
Question  is  sane  and  impartial.”  .1.  L.  .1.  Booklist.  A large  part  of  the 
book  appeared  serially  in  the  .\merican  magazine  and  these  articles 
are  also  listed  in  this  bibliography  under  their  respective  subjects. 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  ed.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  Funk, 
1908.  $7.50.  See  article  on  The  Negro  in  the  United  States, 

p.  818-20. 

Bruce,  P.  A.  Plantation  Negro  as  a freeman.  Putnam,  1889. 
$1.25.  (Questions  of  the  day). 

study  of  the  effects  of  freedom  on  the  Negro. 

Cable,  G.  W.  Negro  question.  Scribner,  1890.  75c. 

Silent  South.  Scribner,  1895.  $1. 

•A-uthor  lived  in  the  South  and  studied  the  problem  at  close  range. 
Essays  calling  attention  to  the  ethics  of  the  southern  treatment  of  the 
Negro.  I’lea  tor  awarding  the  Negro  his  full  rights  as  accorded  by  the 
constitution. 

Commons,  J.  R.  The  Negro  (in  his  Races  and  immigrants  in 
America.  1907.  p.  39-62.  Macmillan,  $1.50). 

" Popular  study  with  scientific  basis.  Race  elements  in  relation  to  in- 
dustry. labor,  crime,  health,  and  politics.”  A.  L.  A.  Book  list. 

*Du  Bois,  W.  E.  B.  Philadelphia  Negro.  Ginn,  1899.  $2.50.  (Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  publications.  No.  14). 

Excellent  as  an  example  of  the  conditions  of  Negroes  in  northern 
cities. 

Souls  of  black  folk.  McClurg,  1903.  $1.20. 

A humanly  interesting  book,  one  of  the  most  popular  of  the  day  on  the 
Negro  problem. 


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*Finot,  Jean.  Race  prejudice.  Dutton,  1907.  $3. 

An  extensive  argument  to  prove  that  there  are  no  inferior  or  supe- 
rior races,  but  only  races  and  peoples  living  outside  or  within  the  influ- 
ence of  culture. 

Fleming,  W.  H.  Slavery  and  the  race  problem  in  the  South. 
Estes,  1906.  $1. 

Haygood,  A.  G.  Our  brother  in  black.  New  York,  Methodist 
Book  Concern,  $1. 

The  creed  of  a liberal  southerner. 

♦Hoffman,  F.  L.  Race  traits,  and  tendencies  of  the  American 
Negro.  Macmillan,  1896.  $1.25. 

Competent  statistician  dealing  with  the  facts.  One  of  the  best  scien- 
tific presentations  of  all  phases.  Treats  of  the  amalgamation  of  the 
races,  and  similar  social  tendencies. 

Merriam,  G.  S.  The  Negro  and  the  nation:  a history  of  Ameri- 
can slavery  and  enfranchisement.  Holt,  1906.  $1.75. 

A good  general  statement  of  the  problem. 

Miller,  Kelly.  Race  adjustment:  essays  on  the  Negro  in  America. 
Washington,  Neale,  1908.  $2. 

Contains  the  best  writings  of  one  of  the  ablest  exponents  of  the  so- 
called  radical  school  of  Negro  thought. 

Munsterberg,  Hugo.  Problems  of  population  (in  his  Americans. 
1904.  p.  168-84.  McClurg,  $2.50). 

Comprehensive  presentation  of  the  problem  in  its  varying  phases. 

Murphy,  E.  G.  The  South  and  the  Negro  (in  his  Problems  of  the 
present  South.  1904.  p.  153-201.  Macmillan,  25c.) 

Written  in  " the  temper  of  a judge  and  the  manner  of  a scholar.” 
Atlantic. 

Negro  problem:  a series  of  articles  by  representative  American 
Negroes  of  to-day.  Pott,  1903.  $1.25. 

Contents:  Industrial  education  for  the  Negro,  by  B.  T.  Washington. 
The  talented  tenth,  by  W.  E.  B.  Ou  Bois.  Disfranchisement  of  the 
Negro,  b.v  C.  W.  Chesnutt.  Negro  and  the  Law.  by  W.  H.  Smith.  Char- 
acteristics of  the  Negro  people,  by  H.  T.  Kealing.  Representative 
American  Negroes,  by  P.  L.  Dunbar.  Negro’s  place  in  American  life  at 
the  present  day.  by  T.  T.  Fortune. 

New  International  Encyclopedia.  Dodd,  1902-4.  See  article 
on  the  Negro,  v.  12,  p.  934-39. 

Page.  T.  N.  The  Negro:  the  southerner’s  problem.  Scribner, 
1904.  $1.‘25. 

Popular  treatment.  Presents  phases  of  the  problem  plainly,  candidly, 
and  temperately. 

Possibilities  of  the  Negro.  Symposium.  Atlanta,  Franklin 
Printing  and  Publishing  Co.  1904.  $1. 

Valuable  collection  of  views  from  a wide  variety  of  individuals.  This 
is  perhaps  the  only  symposium  by  southern  white  men  and  Negroes. 

Smith,  W.  B.  The  color  line.  McClure,  1905.  $1.50. 

States  the  prevalent  southern  opinion  as  to  Negro  inferiority. 


The  Negro  Problem 


17 


♦Stone,  A.  H,  Studies  in  the  American  race  problem;  with  intro- 
duction and  three  papers  bv  Walter  F.  Willcox.  Doubleday, 
1908.  $2. 

A notable  work  by  an  authority.  Written  with  rare  scientific  poise, 
presenting  a large  amount  of  varied  material  in  readable  form,  and  re- 
flecting the  most  enlightened  southern  view. 

Thomas,  W.  H.  American  Negro.  Macmillan,  1901.  $2. 

Written  b.v  a Negro  reared  in  freedom  in  the  North,  who  dwells  on  the 
dark  side  of  the  situation,  and  writes  in  a critical  vein.  The  book  has 
been  severely  criticised  as  unjust  b.v  many  students  of  the  problem, 
among  whom  is  one  of  our  revisers.  It  is  given  a place  here  as  repre- 
senting one  point  of  view. 

♦Tillinghast,  J.  A.  Negro  in  Africa  and  America.  Macmillan, 
1902.  $1.50.  (American  Economic  Association  publications. 

3d  series,  v.  3,  no.  2). 

Systematic  treatise  ba.sed  on  a comparison  of  the  Negro  as  a savage 
with  the  Negro  as  a slave  and  an  .American  citizen. 

Washington,  B.  T.  Future  of  the  American  Negro.  Small, 

1899.  $1.50. 

Views  of  one  of  the  best  known  representatives  of  the  colored  race. 
A hopeful  forecast  of  the  Negro’s  future. 

I’p  from  slavery.  Doubleday.  1901.  $1.50. 

The  story  of  personal  achievement  by  a colored  leader. 

Williams,  F.  B.  A new  Negro  for  a new  century.  American 
Publishing  House,  1900. 

-An  accurate  and  up-to-date  history  of  the  Negro  in  America. 

Periodicals 

Abbott,  E.  H.  The  South  and  the  Negro.  Outlook,  May  21- 
July  30,  1904,  v.  77.  See  index  for  paging. 

General  observations  upon  the  Negro  situation  in  Maryland,  District 
of  Columbia,  and  North  Carolina. 

Bailey,  W.  T.  Negro  problem  stated.  Fortnightly,  May  1906 
V.  85,  p.  909-19. 

Good  general  statement. 

Cable,  G.  W.  The  freedman’s  case  in  equity.  Century,  Jan 
1885,  V.  7,  p.  409-18. 

An  able  plea  that  the  black  man  be  freed  from  suspicion  and  social 
oppression. 

Dillingham,  Pitt.  Settlement  idea  in  the  cotton  belt.  Outlook, 
April  12,  1902,  v.  70.  p.  920-22. 

Dowd,  Jerome.  Paths  of  hope  for  the  Negro.  Century,  Dec. 

1900,  V.  61.  p.  278-81. 

Pratical  suggestions  from  the  southern  point  of  view. 

♦Du  Bois,  W.  E.  B.  Relation  of  the  whites  to  the  Negroes  in  the 
South.  Annals  of  the  American  Academy,  July  1901,  y.  18, 
p.  121-40. 

Vivid  description  of  the  relation  between  the  whites  and  the  Negroes 
in  the  various  lines. 


18 


American  Social  Studies 


Training  of  Negroes  for  social  power.  Outlook,  Oct.  17, 

1903,  V.  75,  p.  409-14. 

An  able  statement  of  the  necessity  for  intelligence,  skill,  and  better 
homes  among  Negroes. 

Hart,  A.  B.  Conditions  of  the  southern  problem.  Independent, 
March  23,  1905,  v.  58,  p.  644-49. 

An  attempt  to  outline  the  salient  causes  of  the  problem,  by  one  who 
has  inve.stigated  the  conditions. 

Higginson,  T.  W.  Intensely  human.  Atlantic,  March  1904,  v. 
93,  p.  588-97. 

A description  of  Negro  qualities. 

Hyde,  W.  DeW.  National  platform  on  the  race  question.  Out- 
look, May  21,  1904,  v.  77,  p.  169-70. 

Succinct  statement  of  desirable  principles  by  a northerner. 

Page,  T.  N.  Great  American  question.  McClure,  March  1907, 
V.  28,  p.  565-72. 

Consideration  of  the  Negro  problem  in  all  its  different  aspects. 

Negro;  the  southerner’s  problem.  McClure,  March-May 

1904,  vol.  22-23.  See  index  for  paging. 

A clean-spirited  presentation  of  the  .situation,  both  past  and  present, 
enlivened  by  the  personal  e.xperiences  of  a southerner. 

Schurz,  Carl.  Can  the  South  solve  the  Negro  problem?  Mc- 
Clure, Jan.  1904,  v.  22,  p.  259-75. 

"His  paper  has  the  intellectual  authority  which  comes  from  over 
forty  year's  practical  dealing  with  a question,  o.v  a man  of  distinguished 
mind.  It  has  the  moral  authorit.v  which  comes  only  from  a man  who 
has  never  allowed  any  consideration  of  policy  to  obscure  the  ethical 
meaning  of  the  question  with  which  he  dealt.”— Nd. 

Shaler,  N.  S.  Future  of  the  Negro  in  the  South.  Popular 
Science  Monthly,  June  1900,  v.  57,  p.  147-56. 

Negro  since  the  Civil  war.  Popular  Science  Monthly,  May 

1900,  V.  57,  p.  29-39. 

General  observations  on  Negro  t.vpes. 

Sledd,  Andrew.  Negro;  another  view.  Atlantic,  July  190'2, 
V.  90,  p,  65-73. 

A southern  plea  lor  justice  to  the  Negro. 


1.  Historical  resume:  the  Reconstruction  period  and 
recent  distinctive  developments  in  the  problem 

Bookit 

Du  Bois,  W.  E.  B.  Souls  of  black  folk.  1903.  See  chapters  on 
Of  our  spiritual  strivings,  p.  1-12;  Of  the  dawn  of  freedom, 
p.  13-40;  Of  Mr.  B.  T.  Washington  and  others,  p.  41-59. 


The  Negro  Problem 


19 


Dunning,  W.  A,  Reconstruction,  political  and  economic.  Har- 
per. 1907.  $2.  (Hart’s  American  nation  series,  v.  22). 

A strong  comprehensive  statement. 

^Fleming,  W.  L.  Documentary  history  of  the  Reconstruction: 
political,  military,  social,  religious,  educational,  and  indus- 
trial, 1865,  to  the  present  time.  Clark,  1906-1907.  2 v.  $10. 

A work  of  great  value  to  the  careful  student. 

The  Civil  war  and  the  Reconstruction  in  Alabama.  Mac- 
millan, 1905.  $5.  (Columbia  University  Press  series). 

*Garner,  J.  W.  Reconstruction  in  Mississippi.  Macmillan,  1901. 

$3. 

Merriam,  G.  S.  Negro  and  the  nation.  1906.  See  chapters  on 
the  conditions  during  the  Reconstruction,  p.  267-390. 

Page,  T.  N.  The  Negro:  the  southerner’s  problem.  1904.  See 
chapters  on  Slavery  and  the  old  relation  between  the  south- 
ern whites  and  blacks,  p.  3-28;  Some  of  its  difficulties  and 
fallacies,  p.  29-55;  Its  present  condition  and  aspect  as  shown 
by  statistics,  p.  56-85. 

Rhodes,  J.  F.  History  of  the  United  States.  Macmillan,  1906. 
$17.50.  See  chapters  on  the  Reconstruction  in  v.  2 and  3. 

Able  and  comprehensive  statements. 

Sinclair,  W.  A.  Aftermath  of  slavery:  a study  of  the  condition 
and  environment  of  the  American  Negro.  Small,  1905.  $1.50. 

Periodicals 

Camp,  E.  M.  Our  African  contingent.  Forum,  Aug.  1886, 
V.  1.  p.  562-71. 

Good  statement  of  what  the  Negro  has  accomplished  as  a freedman. 

Chamberlain,  D.  H.  Reconstruction  and  the  Negro.  North 
American  Review,  Feb.  1879,  v.  128,  p.  161-73. 

Gives  a comprehensive  resum6  of  the  conditions  of  the  Negro  In  Re- 
construction times  and  after. 

Herbert,  H.  A.  Conditions  of  the  Reconstruction  problem.  At- 
lantic, Feb.  1901,  V.  87,  p.  14.5. 

Clear  statement  of  the  conditions. 

New  slavery  in  the  South.  Independent,  Feb.  25,  1904,  v.  56, 
p.  409-14. 

Description  of  the  present  day  peonage  from  the  life  history  of  a 
Georgia  peon. 

Page,  T.  N.  Southern  people  during  Reconstruction.  Atlantic, 
Sept.  1901,  V.  88.  p.  289-.304. 

Describes  the  treatment  of  Negroes  during  Reconstruction. 

Wilson,  Woodrow.  Reconstruction.  Atlantic,  .Tan.  1901,  v.  87, 
p.  1-15. 

A general  description  of  the  period. 


American  Social  Studies 


2Q 


2.  How  many  Negroes  are  there  now  in  America? 

Books 

Commons,  J.  R.  Growth  of  Negro  population  (in  his  Races  and 
immigrants  in  America.  1907.  p.  53-58). 

■^United  States-Census  bureau.  Negroes  in  the  United  States. 
(Bulletin  No.  8). 

Very  important  collection  of  Negro  statiMics. 

Periodicals 

Bryce,  James.  Thoughts  on  the  Negro  question.  North  Ameri- 
can Review,  Dec.  1891,  v.  153,  p.  (341-GO. 

Rapidity  of  Negro  increase,  from  the  statistics  of  1890. 

Commons,  J,  R.  The  Negro.  Chautauquan,  Nov.  1903,  v.  38, 
p.  2.30-32. 

A few  important  statistics  of  population. 

Miller,  Kelly.  Expansion  of  Negro  population.  Forum,  Feb. 
1902,  V.  32,  p.  671-79. 

Statistics,  showing  the  increase  in  population  by  decades  since  1790  in 
the  United  States,  southern  states,  and  individual  states. 

Our  Negro  population.  Independent,  Jan.  2,  1902,  v.  54,  p.  57. 

An  editorial  showing  the  growth  of  Negro  population  by  states  in  the 
last  half  century,  taken  from  the  census  of  1900. 

Race  census  at  the  South.  Nation.  June  11,  1901,  v.  73,  p.  24. 

Statistics  showing  the  rapidity  of  Negro  increase  in  the  black  belt  of 
Alabama. 

*Willcox,  W.  F,  Census  statistics  of  the  Negro  and  the  probable 
increase  of  the  Negro  race  in  the  United  States.  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Economics,  Aug.  1905,  v.  19,  p.  548-72,  and 
Review  of  Reviews,  Sept.  1905,  v.  32,  p.  347-48. 

Scientific  and  readable  discussion  concerning  the  present  numbers 
and  probable  future  growth  of  the  Negro  race  in  the  United  States. 
The  article  in  the  Re\dew  of  Reviews  is  a digest.  The  same  material 
will  be  found  in  Stone’s  Studies  in  the  American  race  problem,  p.  476-530. 


3.  What  is  the  Negro’s  economic  and  industrial 
condition? 

Books 

Brackett,  J.  R.  Progress  of  the  colored  people  of  Maryland  since 
the  war.  Baltimore,  Hopkins,  1890.  $1. 

A supplement  to  his  A’egro  in  Maryland. 


The  Negro  Problem 


21 


Bruce,  P.  A,  Plantation  Negro  as  a free  man.  1899.  See  chap- 
ters on  The  Negro  as  an  agricultural  laborer,  p.  175-92;  Mate- 
rial condition  of  the  laborer,  p.  193-210;  Renters  and  land 
owners,  p,  211-27;  Mechanics,  p.  228-40. 

Commons,  J.  R.  Negro  artisan  (in  his  Trade  unionism  and  labor 
problems.  1905.  p.  349-70.  Ginn,  $2.50). 

A symDOsium  by  authorities  on  labor  Questions,  discussing’  local  con- 
ditions in  Texas.  Employment  of  skilled  Negroes  in  the  South.  Atti- 
tude of  organized  labor. 

*Du  Bois,  W.  E.  B.  ed.  Economic  co-operation  among  Negro 
Americans.  Atlanta  University  Press,  1907.  $1.  (Atlanta 

University  publications,  no.  12). 

*  ed.  Negro  artisan.  Atlanta  University  Press,  1902.  50c. 

(Atlanta  University  publications,  no.  7). 

*  ed.  Negro  in  business.  Atlanta  University  Press,  1899.  25c. 

(Atlanta  University  publications,  no.  4). 

Statistics  valuable  for  a technical  study  of  the  problem. 

*  Negro  landholder  of  Georgia.  United  States  Labor  bureau. 

1901.  (Bulletin  no.  35). 

*  Occupations  of  Negroes  (in  his  Philadelphia  Negro.  1899. 

p.  97-146). 

*  and  Stone.  A.  H.  Economic  future  of  the  Negro  (in  Amer- 

ican Economic  Association  publications.  1906.  p.  219-94). 

Ingle,  Edward.  Negro  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Baltimore, 
Hopkins,  1893.  $1. 

Reiwrts  careful  investigations. 

Kelsey,  Carl.  The  present  situation  (in  his  Negro  farmer.  1903. 
p.  29-60.  Chicago,  Jennings,  50c.). 

An  excellent  chapter  on  the  present  economic  situation  of  the  Negro 
farmer  in  the  different  districts. 

Spahr,  C.  B.  America’s  working  people.  Longmans,  1900.  $1.25. 
See  chapters  on  Negro  as  an  industrial  factor,  p.  72-90;  Negro 
as  a citizen,  p.  91-119. 

Based  on  a personal  study  of  conditions  in  southern  factory  towns. 

*Stonc,  A.  H.  Negro  in  the  Yazoo- Mississippi  delta  {in  American 
Economic  Association  publications.  1902.  3d  series,  v.  3,  p. 
246-78). 

An  authoritative  statement  of  the  social  and  economic  situation  in 
the  black  belt  of  Mississippi,  by  a resident  of  that  section.  Same  mater- 
ial will  be  found  in  Stone’s  Studies  in  the  American  race  problem,  p,  81- 
124. 

*Tillinghast,  J.  A.  Negro  as  a free  citizen  (in  his  Negro  in  Africa 
and  America.  1902.  p.  176-93). 

Information  as  to  his  industrial  progress. 


22 


American  Social  Studies 


Washington,  B.  T.  Negro  in  business.  Chicago,  Hertel,  1907. 
$1.50. 

The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  set  forth  examples  of  Negro  success 
which  may  serve  to  encourage  others  of  the  race  to  go  forward  in  busi- 
ness directions. 

Periodicals 

Baker,  R.  S.  Negro’s  struggle  for  survival  in  the  North.  Amer- 
ican Magazine.  March  1908,  v.  65,  p.  473-85. 

Mr.  Baker’s  series  of  articles  in  the  American  Magazine  is  a graphic 
statement  for  popular  use. 

Barry,  Richard.  Slavery  in  the  South  today.  Cosmopolitan, 
March  1907,  v.  42,  p.  481-91. 

Good  for  an  understanding  of  peonage. 

Bulkier,  W.  L.  Industrial  conditions  of  the  Negro  in  New  York 
city.  Annals  of  the  American  Academy,  May  1906,  v.  27, 
p.  590-96. 

Presents  the  conditions  in  the  northern  cities. 

Daniels,  John.  Industrial  conditions  among  Negro  men  in  Bos- 
ton. Charities,  Oct.  7,  1905,  v.  15,  p.  35-39. 

Graphic  description  of  the  occupations  of  Negroes  in  Boston,  as  typical 
of  the  North. 

■*Du  Bois,  W.  E.  B.  Relation  of  the  whites  to  the  Negroes  in  the 
South.  Annals  of  the  American  Academy.  Juh’  1901,  v.  18, 
p.  124-28. 

Vivid  description  of  the  relations  of  the  whites  and  blacks  in  the 
various  lines. 

Savings  of  black  Georgia.  Outlook,  Sept.  14,  1901,  v.  69, 

p.  128-30. 

Fleming,  W.  L.  Immigration  and  the  Negro  problem.  World 
To-day,  Jan.  1907,  v.  12,  p.  96-97. 

Describes  the  economic  inefficiency  of  the  average  Negro  laborer  and 
expresses  the  hope  that  increased  immigration  in  the  South  will  stimu- 
late him. 

Irwin,  M.  F.  The  Negro:  a business  proposition.  Outlook, 
Nov.  30,  1901,  v.  69,  p.  815-20. 

This  writer  believes  Negro  can  be  employed  to  good  advantage. 

Kelsey,  Carl.  Evolution  of  Negro  labor.  Annals  of  the  American 
Academy,  Jan.  1903,  v.  21.  p.  55-76. 

Enlightening,  detailed  description  of  the  conditions  of  the  Negro 
laborer  in  early  slave  daj's  and  some  lines  along  which  there  has  been 
development. 

Miller,  Kelly.  Negroes’  part  in  the  Negro  problem.  Forum, 
Oct.  1904,  V.  36,  p.  289-304. 

A plea  for  the  Negro,  discussing  his  character  and  what  he  has  accom- 
plished in  business. 

Ovington,  M.  W.  Fresh  air  work  among  colored  children  in  New 
York.  Charities,  Oct.  13,  1906.  v.  17,  p.  115-17. 

Holds  that  by  training  children  in  the  way  of  justice  and  sympathy 
the  race  problem  will  ultimately  be  solved. 


The  Negro  Problem 


23 


* Negro  in  the  trades  unions  in  New  York.  Annals  of  the 

American  Academy,  May  1906.  v.  27,  p.  551-58. 

Statistics  showing  the  number  of  Negroes  who  are  members  of  the 
various  unions  in  New  York.  Presents  their  condition  as  favorable  in 
comparison  with  the  white  man’s. 

*Stone,  A.  H.  Plantation  experiment.  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Economics,  June  1905.  v.  19,  p.  270-87. 

The  failure  to  keep  the  Negroes  on  this  plantation,  goes  to  show  that 
they  are  notional,  whimsical,  restless,  and  migratory.  This  material 
will  also  be  found  in  Stone’s  Studies  in  the  Americaii  race  problem, 
p.  125^8. 

Washington,  B.  T.  American  Negro  and  his  economic  value. 
International  Monthly.  Dec.  1900,  v.  2,  p.  672-86. 

States  with  a few  statistics  the  typical  lines  of  Negro  business  in  dif- 
ferent portions  of  the  South. 

National  Negro  business  league.  World’s  Work,  Oct.  1902. 

V.  4,  p.  2671-75. 

Some  interesting  facts  about  the  commercial  and  industrial  rise  of  the 
Negro  as  shown  by  the  results  of  this  league. 

Wright,  R.  R.  Negro  in  times  of  industrial  unrest.  Charities, 
Oct.  7,  1905.  V.  15,  p.  69-7H. 

Shows  the  value  of  Negro  labor  in  Chicago,  principally  as  strike- 
breakers. 


Bruce,  P.  A.  Plantation  Negro  as  a freeman.  1889.  See  chap- 
ters on  religion,  p.  9.3-110;  Superstition,  p.  111-25;  General 

I characteristics  — moral,  p.  126-42. 

Resum6  of  social  conditions  in  slave  days  and  the  relations  at  present 
between  blacks  and  whites:  a description  of  their  homes,  their  religious 
l>eliefs.  and  moral  attitude. 

Du  Bois,  W.  E.  B.  Philadelphia  Negro.  1899.  See  chapters  on 
Negro  family,  p.  164-96;  Organized  life  of  the  Negro,  p.  197- 
234;  Pauperism  and  alcoholism,  p.  269-86;  Environment  of 
the  Negro,  p.  287-321;  Contact  of  races,  322-67. 

*  ed.  Negro  church.  Atlanta  University  Press,  1904.  .50c. 

(Atlanta  University  Publications,  No.  8). 

*  Negro  in  the  black  belt.  United  States  Labor  bureau,  1899. 

(Bulletin  No.  22). 

Interesting  social  sketches. 

Souls  of  black  folk.  1903.  See  chapters  on  Of  the  black 

belt,  p.  110-34;  Of  the  quest  of  the  golden  fleece,  p.  135-62;  Of 
the  faith  of  the  fathers,  p.  189-206. 

Describes  their  daily  lives  and  their  religious  beliefs. 


4.  What  are 


moral,  and  religious 


conditions  ? 


Books 


24 


American  Social  Studies 


Kelsey,  Carl.  Social  euvironment  (in  his  Negro  farmer.  1903. 

p.  61-66). 

Concise  statement  of  the  characteristics  of  the  Negro,  his  mode  of  liv- 
ing and  the  factors  that  go  to  make  his  social  life. 

Riis,  J.  A.  Color  line  in  New  York  (in  his  Row  the  oth&r  half 
lives.  1903.  p.  148-58.  Scribner,  $1.25). 

Picture  of  the  social  condition  of  the  Negro  in  New  York. 

*Stone,  A.  H.  Mulatto  factor  (in  his  Studies  in  the  American  race 
problem.  1908.  p.  425-42). 

Strong  presentation  of  an  element  which  is  little  treated. 

* Studies  in  the  American  race  problem.  1908.  See  chap- 

ters on  Race  friction,  p.  211-41;  Mr.  Roosevelt,  the  South,  and 
the  Negro,  p.  242-350. 

Admirable  discussion  of  the  present  situation. 

*United  States  Labor  bureau.  Condition  of  the  Negro  in  vari- 
ous states.  (Bulletin,  No.  10). 

Periodicals 

Baker,  R.  S.  Color  line  in  the  North.  American  Magazine, 
Feb.  1908,  v.  65,  p.  345-57. 

Ostracized  race  in  ferment.  American  Magazine,  May 

1908,  V.  66,  p.  60-70. 

Tragedy  of  the  mulatto.  American  Magazine,  April  1908, 

V.  65,  p.  582-98. 

Commons,  J.  R.  The  Negro.  Chautauquan,  Nov.  1903,  v.  38, 
p.  223-33. 

Brief  statement  of  the  Negroes’  immorality,  the  causes  and  results. 

*Eliot,  C.  W.  Problems  of  the  Negro.  International,  June  1904, 
V.  9,  p.  285-91. 

His  social  status  from  the  northern  and  southern  points  of  view. 

Fernandis,  S.  C.  Social  settlements  in  South  Washington, 
Charities,  Oct.  7,  1905,  v.  15,  p.  64-66. 

Shows  how  they  live  in  Washington,  aud  what  is  being  done  to  im- 
prove the  conditions. 

Negroes  in  the  cities  of  the  North.  Charities,  Oct.  7,  1905, 
V.  15,  p.  1-96. 

A special  number  of  Charities  devoted  to  the  subject  with  many  ad- 
mirable articles. 

Pendleton,  H.  B.  Negro  dependence  in  Baltimore.  Charities, 
Oct.  7,  1905,  V.  15,  p.  50-58. 

Describes  the  Negro’s  manner  of  life. 

Phillips,  H.  L.  Social  condition  of  the  Negro.  Charities  Re- 
view, Feb.  1900.  V.  9,  p.  575-78. 

Conditions  in  Philadelphia. 


The  Negro  Problem 


25 


Platform  of  the  Niagara  movement.  Outlook,  Sept.  1,  1906.  v. 
84,  p.  3-4. 

Concise  statement  of  the  five  principles  which  comprised  the  platform 
of  the  Niagara  movement  in  1906,  the  second  annual  meeting. 

Race  social  equality.  Gunton,  Sept.  1903,  v.  25.  p.  189-94. 

Reasons  why  social  eauality  is  impossible,  from  the  southern  view- 
point. 

Tayleur,  Eleanor.  Social  and  moral  decadence.  Outlook,  Jan. 
30,  1904,  V.  76,  p.  266-71. 

Describes  the  condition  of  the  Negro  woman  of  to-day.  Author  con- 
siders her  an  important  factor  in  the  problem. 

Williams,  F.  B.  Social  bonds  in  the  black  belt  of  Chicago. 
Charities,  Oct.  7,  1905,  v.  15,  p.  40-44. 

Vivid  description  of  the  social  life,  which  consists  in  connection  with 
the  church  and  various  secret  orders. 


5.  What  is  the  political  status  of  the  Negro? 

Books 

Cable,  G.  W.  Silent  South.  1895.  See  chapters  on  Freedman’s 
case  inequity,  p.  1-.39:  Silent  South,  p.  43-112. 

Plea  for  awarding  the  Negro  his  full  rights  as  accorded  by  the  consti- 
tution. 

Murphy.  E.  G.  South  and  the  Negro  (in  his  Problems  of  tJie 
vresent  South.  1904.  p.  188-201). 

Brief  summary  of  the  political  auestiou  from  the  Civil  war  to  the 
present  time,  with  suggestions  for  solution. 

Page,  T.  N.  Partial  disfranchisement  of  the  Negro  (in  his  The 
Xegro:  the  Southerner’s  problem.  1904.  p.  120-62). 

Sinclair,  W.  A.  Aftermath  of  slavery.  Small,  1905.  $1.50. 

Deals  e.vtensively  with  suffrage  in  Reconstruction  times  and  after. 

*Stone,  A.  H.  N egro  in  politics  (in  his  Studies  of  the  American 
race  problem.  1908.  p.  351-424). 

Careful  and  comprehensive  discus,sion  of  the  subject. 

*Tillinghast,  J,  A.  Negro  as  a free  citizen  (in  his  Negro  in  Africa 
and  America.  1902.  p.  217-27). 

Washington,  B.  T.  Future  of  the  American  Negro.  1899. 

A clear  statement  of  the  political  pha.se  of  the  problem  will  be  foimd 
on  pages  127-56. 

Up  from  slavery,  1901.  See  index  under  Franchise  for 

references  giving  Mr.  Washington’s  hopeful  views  of  the  sit- 
uation. 


26 


American  Social  Studies 


Periodicals 

Baker,  R.  S,  Black  man’s  silent  power.  American  Magazine, 
July  1908,  V.  GO,  p.  288-300. 

Negro  in  politics.  American  Magazine,  June  1908,  v.  66, 

p.  169-80. 

Bowie,  S.  J.  Southern  representation  in  congress.  Independent, 
June  18,  1906,  v.  60,  p.  151-54. 

Case  is  stated  in  a favorable  form,  for  the  stringent  provision  in- 
tended to  reduce  the  Negro  vote. 

Grimke,  A.  H.  Why  disfranchisement  is  bad.  Atlantic,  July 
1904,  vol.  94,  p.  72-81. 

Hood,  J.  W.  Enfranchisement  no  blunder.  Independent,  Aug. 
27.  1903,  V.  55,  p.  2021-24. 

Resume  of  enfranchisement  in  Reconstruction  times  and  after,  and 
argument  that  disfranchisement  is  the  wrong  method  of  solving  the 
problem. 

Negro  suffrage  in  the  South.  Outlook,  June  13,  1903,  v.  74, 
p.  ,399-403. 

Clear  statement  of  the  conditions  in  the  various  states. 

Page,  T.  N.  Disfranchisement  of  the  Negro.  Scribner,  July 
1904.  V.  36.  p.  ir>-24. 

General  article  on  e.xisting  conditions. 


6.  Crime  among  Negroes  and  lynching 

Books 

Bruce,  P.  A.  Negro  and  criminal  law  (in  his  Plantation  negro  as 
as  a freeman.  1889.  p.  77-92). 

Campbell,  R.  F.  Some  aspects  of  the  race  problem  in  the  South. 
Asheville,  Citizen’s  Co.  1899.  5c. 

A discussion  of  three  causes  of  Negio  criminality  will  be  found  on 
p.  15-22. 

Cutler,  J.  E.  Lvnch  law.  Longmans.  1905.  $1.50. 

Includes  the  l.vnchingof  all  races  in  the  United  States.  Interesting 
facts  about  the  causes  alleged  for  lynching,  and  the  public  view  of  that 
crime.  See  index  under  Negroes. 

Du  Bois,  W.  E.  B.  Negro  crime.  Atlanta  University  Press, 
1904.  25c.  (Atlanta  University  publications,  No.  9). 

Negro  criminal  (in  his  Philadelphia  Negro.  1899.  p.  235- 

68). 

Gives  a brief  history  of  crime  in  the  city,  comparative  statistics.and 
the  nature  and  causes  of  crime. 


The  Negro  Problem 


27 


*Kcllor,  F.  A.  Experimental  sociology,  descriptive  and  analyti- 
cal; delinquents.  Macmillan,  1901.  $2. 

Social  study  ot  Negro  delinquents. 

Murphy,  E.  G.  South  and  the  Negro  (in  his  Problems  of  the  pres- 
ent South.  1904.  p.  173-82). 

Some  of  the  causes,  and  the  Negro’s  opinion,  of  crime. 

Page,  T,  N.  The  lynching  of  Negroes,  its  cause  and  its  preven- 
tion (in  his  Negro:  the  Southerner' s problem.  1904.  p.  86-119). 

Washington,  B.  T.  Future  of  the  American  Negro.  1899. 

Brief  but  pointed  discourse  on  lynching,  some  of  its  causes  and  reme- 
dies, will  be  found  on  p.  185-99. 

*Willcox,  W.  F.  Negro  criminality  (in  Stone,  A.  H.  Studies  in  the 
American  race  problem,  p.  443-75). 

Careful  and  readable  discussion  of  the  facts  and  issues  involved. 


Periodicals 

Barnett,  I.  B.  W.  Lynching  and  the  excuse  for  it.  Independent, 
May  16.  1901,  v.  53.  p.  1133-36. 

Plain  statement.  Tables  showing  the  crimes  for  which  the  Negro  has 
been  lynched. 

Cause  and  cure  of  lynching.  Outlook,  Aug.  15,  1903,  v.  74, 
p.  927-29. 

A portion  of  President  Roosevelt’s  letter  to  Governor  Durbin. 

Kellor,  F.  A.  Criminal  Negro.  Arena,  .lan.-May  1901,  v.  25. 
See  index  for  paging. 

Excellent  study  of  the  influences  which  go  toward  making  the  Negro 
a criminal,  and  his  treatment  as  such  in  the  various  southern  states. 

Medicine  for  the  mob.  Outlook,  Feb.  2,  1907,  v.  8.5,  p.  249-50. 

Concise  statement  of  the  cau.ses  of  and  possible  cures  for  lynching 
and  riots. 

Page,  T.  N.  Lynching  of  Negroes.  North  American  Review, 
.Ian.  1904,  v.  178,  p.  33-48. 

Excellent,  popular  account  of  the  causes,  extent,  and  cure  of  lynch- 
ing. 

Sledd,  Andrew.  Negro:  another  view.  Atlantic,  July  1902, 
V.  90,  p.  65-73. 

Impartial  statement  of  facts  to  be  considered  in  the  problem:  the  in- 
feriority and  fundamental  rights  of  the  Negro. 

Waring,  J.  H.  M.  Causes  of  criminality  among  colored  people. 
Charities,  Oct.  7,  1905,  v.  15.  p.  4.5-49. 

Comprehensive  article  containing  six  important  causes  of  Negro 
criminality  and  the  evident  results. 


28 


American  Social  Studies 


The  Proposed  Lines  of  Solution* 


General  Bibliography 

Books 

Merriam,  G.  S.  Looking  forward  (in  his  Negro  and  the  nation. 
190G.  p.  391-411). 

Brief,  optimistic  presentation  of  the  different  lines  of  solution. 

Periodicals 

Andrews,  E.  F.  Where  the  race  problem  has  solved  itself.  Cen- 
tury, April  1907,  v.  73,  p.  961-62. 

An  example  showing  what  has  been  done. 

Baker,  R.  S.  What  to  do  about  the  Negro.  American  Magazine, 
Sept.  1908,  V.  66,  p.  463-70. 

Colquhoun,  A.  R.  Future  of  the  Negro.  North  American  Re- 
view, May  1903,  v.  176,  p.  657-74. 

Discusses  the  various  methods  of  solution  already  tried.  Author  be- 
lieves there  must  be  a change  of  attitude  on  the  part  of  the  whites. 

Dowd,  Jerome.  Paths  of  hope  for  the  Negro.  Century,  Dec. 
1900,  V.  61,  p.  278-81. 

Elihu  Root  on  the  Negro  problem.  Harper’s  Weekly,  Feb.  21, 
1903,  V.  47,  p.  306-7. 

Forceful  presentation  of  the  problem  and  the  iwsslble  solution  by  de- 
portation to  Mexico. 

Hart,  A.  B.  Remedies  for  the  southern  problem.  Independent, 
May  4,  1905,  v.  58,  p.  993-96. 

Clear  statement  of  remedies  along  the  lines  of  peonage,  industrial 
education,  race  separation,  and  the  slow  uplifting  of  the  Negro. 

Hyde,  W.  D.  National  platform  on  the  race  question.  Outlook, 
May  21,  1904.  v.  77,  p.  169-70. 

Concise  statement  of  the  various  lines  of  solution. 

Northern,  W.  J.  Negro  situation  — one  wav  out.  World  To-day. 
Sept.  1907,  V.  13,  p.  893-96. 

A line  of  solution  in  Georgia. 

Page,  T.  N.  Southerner  on  the  Negro  question.  North  American 
Review,  April  1902,  v.  154.  p.  401-13. 

Holds  that  the  solution  will  be  natural:  the  best  of  the  Negroes  will 
be  absorbed,  .some  will  go  back  to  Africa,  and  residue  will  perish  under 
conditions  of  life  unsuited  to  progress. 


*]\Iost  of  the  works  in  the  genej’al  bibliography  on  the  problem  contain 
suggestions  upon  the  lines  of  solution  in  their  concluding  chapters. 


The  Negro  Problem 


29 


1 . Economic  and  Industrial  developments 

Books 

Richings,  G.  T,  Evidences  of  progress  among  colored  people. 
1896. 

Latter  half  of  book  takes  up  the  business  and  professional  develop- 
ment of  the  Nc^ro  using  personal  illustrations. 

*Stone,  A.  H.  Economic  future  of  the  American  Negro  (in  his 
Studies  in  the  American  race  problem.  1908.  p.  149-210). 

Points  out  the  economic  door  of  hope. 

Periodicals 

Edwards,  H.  S.  Negro  and  the  South.  Century,  June  1906,  v. 
72.  p.  212-15. 

Stride  towards  the  elevation  of  the  race,  because  of  the  Negroes  own- 
ing their  own  homes  and  receiving  higher  salaries. 

Light  from  a southern  source  on  the  Negro  problem.  Harper’s 
Weekly,  March  4,  1905,  v.  49,  p.  303. 

Concise  statement  of  gratifying  Industrial  conditions  of  the  Negro  in 
the  Yazoo  Delta  district,  the  heart  of  the  black  belt  where  there  is  the 
greatest  political  and  social  inequality;  goes  to  prove  that  the  solution 
will  be  solved  by  transforming  the  Negro  into  a land-owner. 

Miller,  Kelly.  Economic  handicap  of  the  Negro  in  the  North. 
Annals  of  the  American  Academy,  May  1906,  v.  27,  p. 
543-50. 

States  the  effect  of  unfriendly  environment,  with  which  the  Negro 
has  to  contend  in  the  North,  and  suggests  methods  of  solution  along 
Industrial  lines. 

Shaler.  N.  S.  Future  of  the  Negro  in  the  southern  states.  Popu- 
lar Science  Monthly,  June  1900,  v.  57,  p.  147-56. 

Discussion  of  the  needs  of  the  Negro  and  the  lines  of  work  open  to 
him.  Author  believes  the  time  has  come  for  co-operative  work  between 
the  North  and  South. 

Smith,  R.  L.  Village  improvement  among  the  Negroes.  Out- 
look, March  31,  1900,  v.  64.  p.  733-36. 

Interesting  account  of  the  work  done  by  the  Farmers’  Improvement 
Society  in  Te.xas,  and  the  hearty  co-operation  of  the  white  race. 

Washington,  B.  T.  Agricultural  Negro.  Arena,  Nov.  1902, 
V.  28,  p.  461-63. 

In  the  consideration  of  the  problem,  the  author  is  convinced  that  for 
many  years,  at  least,  the  Negro  should  be  encouraged  to  own  and  culti- 
vate the  soil. 

Land-hunger  in  the  black  belt.  Lippincott,  .Tune  1906,  v.  77, 

p.  757-63. 

Tells  of  the  struggle  the  Negroes  are  making  to  better  their  own  con- 
ditions. 

Willey,  D.  A.  Negro  and  the  soil.  Arena,  May  1900,  v.  23, 
p.  553-60. 

Several  Illustrations  are  given,  showing  the  success  of  the  Negro  in 
agricultural  pursuits. 


30 


American  Social  Studies 


2.  Educarion 


Books 

*Du  Bois,  W,  E.  B.  College-bred  Negro.  Atlanta  University 
Press,  1901.  25c. 

Some  convincing  results  of  the  higher  education  for  students. 

*  ed.  Common  school.  Atlanta  University  Press,  1901.  25c. 

(Atlanta  University  publications,  no.  6). 

Excellent  material  for  a detailed  study  of  the  educational  phases  of 
the  problem. 

*  ed.  Negro  artisan.  Atlanta  University  Press,  1902.  50c. 

(Atlanta  University  publications,  no.  7). 

Detailed  study  of  the  methods  and  results  of  the  industrial  schools. 

Souls  of  black  folk.  1903.  See  chapters  on  Of  the  training 

of  black  men,  p.  88-109;  Of  the  meaning  of  progress,  p.  60-74; 
Of  the  wings  of  Atalanta,  p.  75-87. 

Acknowledges  the  good  work  of  schools  like  Tuskegee,  but  contends 
for  the  higher  education  and  the  political  rights  of  the  Negro. 

From  servitude  to  service.  Boston,  American  Unitarian  Asso- 
ciation, 1905.  $1. 10. 

Presentation  of  Negro  progress. 

*Richings,  G.  T,  Evidences  of  progress  among  colored  people. 
Philadelphia,  Ferguson  Co.  1896.  $1. 

Deals  extensively  with  the  schools  which  have  been  built  for  colored 
people  and  managed  by  whites,  and  the  schools  managed  by  colored 
people,  with  short  sketches  of  the  educators. 

Sinclair,  W,  A.  Rise  and  achievements  of  the  colored  race  (in 
his  Aftermath  of  Slavery.  1905.  p.  259-90). 

Washington,  B.  T.  ed.  Tuskegee;  its  people,  their  ideals  and 
achievements.  Appleton,  1905.  $2. 

Scope  of  the  school  work  is  outlined,  and  definite  information  given 
as  to  what  the  graduates  are  doing  with  their  education,  by  autobio- 
graphical sketches. 

Working  with  the  hands.  Doubleday,  1904.  $1.50. 

Author’s  experiences  in  industrial  training  at  Tuskegee,  presenting 
the  many  phases  of  work  done  there. 

Periodicals 

Baker,  R.  S.  New  southern  statesmanship.  American  Maga- 
zine, Aug.  1908,  V.  66,  p.  381-91. 

Benson,  W.  E.  Kowaliga:  a community  with  a purpose.  Char- 
ities, Oct.  7,  1905,  V . 15,  p.  22-24. 

Negro  school  where  a common  school  education  is  afforded  along 
with  manual  and  industrial  training. 


The  Negro  Problem 


31 


Bonham,  M.  L.  Answer  to  the  Negro  question:  education. 
Education,  April  1908,  v.  28,  p.  507-10. 

Author  believes  that  when  the  Negroes  are  educated,  they  will  realize 
that  social  eauality  is  an  impossibility,  and  will  emigrate. 

Scarborough,  W.  S.  Negro  and  the  higher  learning.  Forum, 
May  1902.  v.  33,  p.  349-55. 

Stratton,  J.  R.  Will  education  solve  the  race  problem?  North 
American  Review,  June  1900,  v.  170,  p.  785-91. 

Rather  pessimistic  view.  Excellent  statement  of  Negro  morals. 

Washington,  B.  T.  Education  will  solve  the  race  problem. 
North  American  Review,  Aug.  1900,  v.  171,  p.  221-32. 

Very  hopeful  view  of  the  solution  by  education  along  industrial 
lines. 

Negro  college  town.  World’s  Work,  Sept.  1907,  v.  14, 

p.  9301-67. 

Interesting  description  of  the  college  at  Wilberforce.  and  the  com- 
munity which  is  made  up  almost  entirely  of  prosperous  Negroes. 

Washington,  B.  T.  Salvation  of  the  Negro.  World’s  Work, 
July  l!i01,  V.  2,  p.  961-71. 

Value  of  the  work  of  Hampton  Institute  as  it  has  been  tested  by  time. 

Work  and  education.  Outlook,  March  7,  1908,  v.  88,  p.  526-27. 

Evidences  of  thrift  and  progress  in  social  welfare,  brought  out  in  the 
annual  Negro  conference  at  Tuskegee. 


3.  Legislation 


Books 

Stone,  A.  H.  The  Negro  in  politics  (in  his  Studies  in  the  Ameri- 
can race  problem.  1908.  p 351-424). 

Suggestions  as  to  advisable  lines  of  action. 

Periodicals 

Farm  for  juvenile  Negro  offenders.  Current  Literature.  Feb. 
1905.  V.  38,  p.  101-2. 

Holds  that  this  would  be  one  of  the  first  steps  towards  solution,  if  it 
were  put  into  practice  throughout  the  South. 

Mob  or  court?  Outlook,  April  4,  1908,  v.  88,  p.  768-69. 

An  editorial  holding  that  the  civil  right  of  every  Negro  to  trial  by 
juries  open  to  Negroes,  has  been  upheld  in  Florida. 

Reconstruction  and  disfranchisement.  Atlantic,  Oct.  1901,  v. 
88,  p.  433-37. 

Demands  of  the  South  to  apply  to  both  races  equally  the  qualifica- 
tions for  the  exercise  of  franchise  and  for  holding  office. 


32 


American  Social  Studies 


4.  Moral  and  religious  influences 

Periodicals 

Abbott,  E.  H.  Religious  tendencies  of  the  Negro.  Outlook, 
Dec.  28,  1901,  v.  69,  p.  1070-76. 

Brings  out  the  effect  of  religion  on  the  Negro.  States  that  there  are 
two  kinds  of  churches — those  which  believe  the  emotional  charisteris- 
ticsof  the  Negro  ought  not  to  be  suppressed,  but  educated  and  guided; 
and  those  which  believe  the  emotional  characteristics  should  be 
minimized  by  the  magnifying  of  intellectual  and  ethical  motives. 

Griffin,  M,  K,  St.  Mark’s  and  its  social  work  for  Negroes. 
Charities,  Oct.  7,  1905,  v.  15,  p.  75-76. 

Brief  statement  of  what  is  being  done  in  one  church  in  New  York  city 
for  the  betterment  of  the  Negroes. 

Wright,  R.  R.  jr.  Social  work  and  influence  of  the  Negro  church. 
Annals  of  the  American  Academy,  Nov.  1907,  v.  30,  p.  509-21. 

Statement  of  what  is  being  done  by  the  Negro  church  in  the  towns  and 
cities  both  in  the  North  and  South,  and  the  great  need  of  social  work 
through  this  medium. 


